The word “wastewater” implies that the result of water use is a waste product. Wastewater derives from water use in households, commerce and industry, where water serves as a conveyance system for wastes, and from stormwater runoff. Scientists and engineers specializing in wastewater research and management increasingly are viewing wastewater as a source of products that have value. To retrieve that value, it must be determined how to convert existing systems to new, value-creating systems as well as how to design new systems from the ground up that will create products. Furthermore, specific products must be identified and technologies must be developed that lead to their production.